Mgr. Tereza Schwarzová Matýsová
Study and research support; Closed stacks and Information desk
Phone: | +420 549 49 4674 |
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We cite to behave ethically. Our goal in citing should be to provide enough information to enable anyone to find the document from which we have drawn. As part of academic publishing, we thus achieve continuity with previous knowledge and allow our followers to obtain a broader context of the given issue.
The manual was prepared and maintained by Mgr. Tereza Schwarzová Matýsová. It is available under CC BY 4.0 license.
Study and research support; Closed stacks and Information desk
Phone: | +420 549 49 4674 |
---|---|
E‑mail: |
Commonly known information / commonly known facts | Unquestionable, easily verifiable information. We do not need to quote them unless we copy the entire text from a dictionary or encyclopedia. |
Paraphrase | If we only stylistically modify/retell someone else's idea in our own words, we still have to cite its source. |
Quotation | Verbatim adoption of a foreign text within your own document. It is usually appropriate to mark it graphically (typically with quotation marks, italics or paragraph indentation). Supplement it with a link to the source = citation. |
Citation | Abbreviated identification of the source from which the text (quotation, paraphrase) given by us comes. We present it directly in the text using a suitable method (footnote; author-date system). We thus connect the quoted text/idea with its source (i.e. with the bibliographic entry in the list of bibliographic citations). |
Citation method | Method of referencing in the text. Generally, the footnotes or the Harvard system (author-date method) are used. |
Bibliographicreference | Systematically arranged data that clearly identifies the document used. We use a specific citation standard/citation style (ISO 690; APA Style). |
Listof bibliographic references | List of references to the literature used (as a rule, we list it at the end of the thesis). |
Mediated (secondary) citation | Whenever possible, and when the source is available to us, we cite the original source. In the bibliography, indicate the secondary source that you actually used. In the text, indicate the primary source and use the formula "as cited in" to add a secondary source; if the year of publication of the primary work is known, give it. Example: (Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014) / Allport's diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003) |
The manual was prepared and maintained by Mgr. Tereza Schwarzová Matýsová. It is available under CC BY 4.0 license.
Study and research support; Closed stacks and Information desk
Phone: | +420 549 49 4674 |
---|---|
E‑mail: |
According to the American Psychological Association, APA Style is a comprehensive summary of rules for publishing professional texts. It also includes rules for referencing in the text and creating bibliographic citations.
When citing in the text according to APA Style, we use the author-date system (also called the Harvard system). Each cited work thus has at least two entries in the text: a citation in the text and a corresponding entry in the list of used literature.
For citations in the text, we usually use two main data: the author's name and the year of publication. These data are given both in round brackets, or we mention the author's name in the course of the written text and add the year of publication in round brackets:
You can find more detailed information on how to cite works by multiple authors, multiple works at the same time, specific parts of a work or, e.g. anonymous works in the manual or on the APA Style website.
Each work cited in the text must be included in the bibliography. Each work from the list of used literature must be cited in the text.
In the list of used literature at the end of the work, we arrange the bibliographic entries alphabetically, without numbering them:
The basic thought process about the quoted document should always be the same. We are interested in who (author) wrote the text, when (date of publication), what (title of work), and where (publisher, URL, ...) it was published.
The general structure of the record: Surname, N. (Year). Title. Source.
If any data in the document is not traceable, we omit it. The structure of the bibliographic citation can then be somewhat confusing. The APA Style website advises how to proceed specifically.
Surname, N. (Year of publication). Title: subtitle. (Edition). Publisher.
Examples:
Only the second and subsequent editions must indicate the edition number only for the second and subsequent editions.
Surname, N. (Year of publication) Title: subtitle of the contribution. In J. Surnames (Ed.). Title: subtitle of the source document. (Issue, Volume, Paper Page Range). Publisher.
Example:
Surname, N. (Year of publication) Title: subtitle of the article. Title: journal subtitle, Year (Number), Scope.
Examples:
Surname, N. (Year). Theses title (Type of theses, Name of institution).
Examples:
Surname, N. (Year of publication). Title: subtitle. Publisher. Availability on the web.
Examples:
Surname, N. (Year of publication) Title: subtitle of the article. Title: subtitle of the source document (series), Year (number), Page range. Availability on the web (=DOI/URL)
Example:
Surname, N. (Year). Theses title (Type of theses, Name of institution). Database URL/Name
Example:
Surname, N. (Year, month, day). Name: page sub-title. Website publisher. URL
Example:
Surname, N. (Year). Title [Online video]. Database URL/Name
Example:
Surname, N. (Director). (Year). Title [Movie]. Studio.
Example:
Title and designation of the Act/Part cited. (Year). Resource Name. Database URL/Name
Example:
Warning: this template is not supported by the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The ways of citing Anglo-Saxon law are not easily translatable to Continental law. Another interpretation of citing Czech legislation is, therefore, possible.
The manual was prepared and maintained by Mgr. Tereza Schwarzová Matýsová. It is available under CC BY 4.0 license.
Study and research support; Closed stacks and Information desk
Phone: | +420 549 49 4674 |
---|---|
E‑mail: |
ISO 690 is a standard whose full name is ČSN ISO 690 (01 0197) Documentation – Bibliographic citations – Content, form and structure. Usually, when citing, we do not work directly with a standard, which is generally difficult to access.
The ČSN ISO 690 standard does not specify a distinctive citation method in the text. The following methods are used most often. The choice of a specific method should be consulted with the supervisor/course teacher.
After each quoted place in the text, you write a number corresponding to the numerically ordered notes, arranged according to their occurrence in the text. The number can be written down
Footnotes may contain the full bibliographic record of the work cited but may include only the following comma-separated information: author's name, title, and optional exact page range. When referring to a source already mentioned in a previous note, either the entire citation is repeated, or the number of the earlier note is given with the possible page range.
The list of bibliographic citations (at the end of the thesis) is not mandatory but recommended. If you choose to omit it, the footnote citation must be complete. Entries in the list of used literature are arranged alphabetically; they are not numbered:
When using this method of in-text referencing, each work cited in the thesis has at least two entries:
For citations in the text, we usually use two main data: the author's name and the year of publication.
We include these data either in round brackets, or we mention the author's name in the course of the written text and add the year of publication in round brackets.
You can find more detailed information on how to cite works by multiple authors, multiple works at the same time, specific parts of a work or, for example, anonymous works on the APA Style website.
Each work cited in the text must be included in the bibliography. Each work from the list of used literature must be cited in the text.
Where the work is cited in the theses, you enter the number of the given document in round (or square) brackets or a superscript in the order in which it is cited for the first time. If you cite the same work in the text in several different places, you still use the same number as the first citation.
It is possible to optionally indicate the relevant page or range of pages if only a specific part or idea is quoted.
In the list of bibliographic records, the records are arranged numerically, in the order in which they were first mentioned in the text:
The primary reflection of the cited document should always be the same. We are interested in who (author) wrote the text, when (date of publication), what (title of work), and where (publisher, URL, ...) was published.
Whenever possible and the source is available to us, we always cite the original source. Suppose we accept the citation (indirect/mediated/citation of a citation). In that case, the citation is given with the name of the author/authors, the year and a link to the original source.
In the bibliography, only the source from which the contribution's author drew is indicated (in our example, only Hoskovec, J.). Another possibility is to enter the wording [NON VIDI] (= not seen) after the bibliographic citation of the primary document in the list of used literature.
Creator. Title: subtitle. Edition. Side creator. Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication, the scope of work. Edition, volume number. Comment. ISBN.
Examples:
Post creator. Title: subtitle of the contribution. In: Creator of the source document. Name: subtitle of the source document. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication, range of pages. Edition, volume number. ISBN.
Example:
Article creator. Title: article subtitle. Secondary author. Title: subtitle of the source document (journal). Place of publication: publisher, year, volume, issue, range of pages (p.) / year, volume(issue), range of pages (without p.). ISSN.
Examples:
Creator. Theses title: subtitle. Other title. Place of submission, date of submission. Type of work. Name of the institution where the thesis was written (University, Faculty, Institute). Supervisor of the thesis. Notes.
Examples:
Creator. Title: subtitle [online]. Issue. Other contributors. Place of publication Publisher, year of publication, scope of work [cited YYYY-MM-DD]. Edition, volume number. Notes. ISBN. Available from: URL.
Editions are required for second and subsequent editions only.
Optional information is marked in blue.
Article creator. Title: article subtitle. Secondary author. Title: subtitle of the source document (journal) [online]. Place of publication: publisher, year, volume, issue, page range (p.) / year, volume(issue), page range (without p.) [cited YYYY-MM-DD]. ISSN. Available from: URL.
Example:
Creator. Thesis title: subtitle. Other title [Type of medium]. Place of submission, date of submission [date of citation]. Type of thesis. Name of the institution where the thesis was written (University, Faculty, Institute). Thesis supervisor. Availability and access. Notes.
Example:
Page creator. Title: subtitle of the page. Secondary creator. Title: subtitle of the source website [online]. Issue [cited YYYY-MM-DD]. Available from: URL.
Example:
Creator. Title. In: Name of the source site [Media type]. Publication [date cited]. Issue [citation date]. Availability and access. Notes.
Example:
Title: Subtitle. Other titles [Media type]. Creator (director). Place of publication: publisher, date of release in the country of production. Title of edition and numbering. Availability and access. Notes.
Examples:
Creator. Name and designation of the cited law/part. In: Name of the source. Issue. URL/name of the database.
Example:
The manual for ISO 690 was prepared and maintained by Mgr. Hana Holoubková. It is available under the CC BY 4.0 licence.
So-called citation generators and managers can make your work much easier. They can help you create in-text citations or a final list of references. However, you should be careful when using them - they are just tools and do not guarantee accuracy.
A web application that generates a citation in the desired citation style (e.g. APA or ISO 690) based on the data entered.
Choosing the correct document type is crucial - if you try to cite a web page as an e-book, the generator will not detect this error and will mark the created citation as correct.
A web or desktop application that can create quotes and store, sort, and offer various other features.
There are many citation managers; for example, a comprehensive overview and comparison can be found on Wikipedia. We will take a closer look at the extended Citation PRO and Zotero.
Web application available in full version free of charge for MU students and employees (access via single sign-on).
Selected features
More information
Free downloadable web interface and desktop application (Mac, Windows, Linux).
Selected features
More information
The manual for citation tools was prepared and maintained by Mgr. Eva Jandová. It is available under CC BY 4.0 license.